Search with vector embeddings

The page shows you how to use Cloud Firestore to perform K-nearest neighbor (KNN) vector searches using the following techniques:

  • Store vector values
  • Create and manage KNN vector indexes
  • Make a K-nearest-neighbor (KNN) query using one of the supported vector distance measures

Store vector embeddings

You can create vector values such as text embeddings from your Cloud Firestore data, and store them in Cloud Firestore documents.

Write operation with a vector embedding

The following example shows how to store a vector embedding in a Cloud Firestore document:

Python
from google.cloud import firestore
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.vector import Vector

firestore_client = firestore.Client()
collection = firestore_client.collection("coffee-beans")
doc = {
    "name": "Kahawa coffee beans",
    "description": "Information about the Kahawa coffee beans.",
    "embedding_field": Vector([0.18332680, 0.24160706, 0.3416704]),
}

collection.add(doc)
vector_search.py
Node.js
import {
  Firestore,
  FieldValue,
} from "@google-cloud/firestore";

const db = new Firestore();
const coll = db.collection('coffee-beans');
await coll.add({
  name: "Kahawa coffee beans",
  description: "Information about the Kahawa coffee beans.",
  embedding_field: FieldValue.vector([1.0 , 2.0, 3.0])
});
Go
import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/firestore"
)

type CoffeeBean struct {
	Name           string             `firestore:"name,omitempty"`
	Description    string             `firestore:"description,omitempty"`
	EmbeddingField firestore.Vector32 `firestore:"embedding_field,omitempty"`
	Color          string             `firestore:"color,omitempty"`
}

func storeVectors(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	// Create client
	client, err := firestore.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("firestore.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// Vector can be represented by Vector32 or Vector64
	doc := CoffeeBean{
		Name:           "Kahawa coffee beans",
		Description:    "Information about the Kahawa coffee beans.",
		EmbeddingField: []float32{1.0, 2.0, 3.0},
		Color:          "red",
	}
	ref := client.Collection("coffee-beans").NewDoc()
	if _, err = ref.Set(ctx, doc); err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to upsert: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

vector_store.go
Java
import com.google.cloud.firestore.CollectionReference;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.DocumentReference;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.FieldValue;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuery;

CollectionReference coll = firestore.collection("coffee-beans");

Map<String, Object> docData = new HashMap<>();
docData.put("name", "Kahawa coffee beans");
docData.put("description", "Information about the Kahawa coffee beans.");
docData.put("embedding_field", FieldValue.vector(new double[] {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}));

ApiFuture<DocumentReference> future = coll.add(docData);
DocumentReference documentReference = future.get();

Compute vector embeddings with a Cloud Function

To calculate and store vector embeddings whenever a document is updated or created, you can set up a Cloud Function:

Python
@functions_framework.cloud_event
def store_embedding(cloud_event) -> None:
  """Triggers by a change to a Firestore document.
  """
  firestore_payload = firestore.DocumentEventData()
  payload = firestore_payload._pb.ParseFromString(cloud_event.data)

  collection_id, doc_id = from_payload(payload)
  # Call a function to calculate the embedding
  embedding = calculate_embedding(payload)
  # Update the document
  doc = firestore_client.collection(collection_id).document(doc_id)
  doc.set({"embedding_field": embedding}, merge=True)
Node.js
/**
 * A vector embedding will be computed from the
 * value of the `content` field. The vector value
 * will be stored in the `embedding` field. The
 * field names `content` and `embedding` are arbitrary
 * field names chosen for this example.
 */
async function storeEmbedding(event: FirestoreEvent<any>): Promise<void> {
  // Get the previous value of the document's `content` field.
  const previousDocumentSnapshot = event.data.before as QueryDocumentSnapshot;
  const previousContent = previousDocumentSnapshot.get("content");

  // Get the current value of the document's `content` field.
  const currentDocumentSnapshot = event.data.after as QueryDocumentSnapshot;
  const currentContent = currentDocumentSnapshot.get("content");

  // Don't update the embedding if the content field did not change
  if (previousContent === currentContent) {
    return;
  }

  // Call a function to calculate the embedding for the value
  // of the `content` field.
  const embeddingVector = calculateEmbedding(currentContent);

  // Update the `embedding` field on the document.
  await currentDocumentSnapshot.ref.update({
    embedding: embeddingVector,
  });
}
Go
  // Not yet supported in the Go client library
Java
  // Not yet supported in the Java client library

Create and manage vector indexes

Before you can perform a nearest neighbor search with your vector embeddings, you must create a corresponding index. The following examples demonstrate how to create and manage vector indexes with the Google Cloud CLI. Vector indexes can also be managed with the Firebase CLI and Terraform.

Create a vector index

Before you create a vector index, upgrade to the latest version of the Google Cloud CLI:

gcloud components update

To create a vector index, use gcloud firestore indexes composite create:

gcloud
gcloud firestore indexes composite create \
--collection-group=collection-group \
--query-scope=COLLECTION \
--field-config field-path=vector-field,vector-config='vector-configuration' \
--database=database-id

where:

  • collection-group is the ID of the collection group.
  • vector-field is the name of the field that contains the vector embedding.
  • database-id is the ID of the database.
  • vector-configuration includes the vector dimension and index type. The dimension is an integer up to 2048. The index type must be flat. Format the index configuration as follows: {"dimension":"DIMENSION", "flat": "{}"}.

The following example creates a composite index, including a vector index for field vector-field and an ascending index for field color. You can use this type of index to pre-filter data before a nearest neighbor search.

gcloud
gcloud firestore indexes composite create \
--collection-group=collection-group \
--query-scope=COLLECTION \
--field-config=order=ASCENDING,field-path="color" \
--field-config field-path=vector-field,vector-config='{"dimension":"1024", "flat": "{}"}' \
--database=database-id

List all vector indexes

gcloud
gcloud firestore indexes composite list --database=database-id

Replace database-id with the ID of the database.

Delete a vector index

gcloud
gcloud firestore indexes composite delete index-id --database=database-id

where:

  • index-id is the ID of the index to delete. Use indexes composite list to retrieve the index ID.
  • database-id is the ID of the database.

Describe a vector index

gcloud
gcloud firestore indexes composite describe index-id --database=database-id

where:

  • index-id is the ID of the index to describe. Use or indexes composite list to retrieve the index ID.
  • database-id is the ID of the database.

Make a nearest-neighbor query

You can perform a similarity search to find the nearest neighbors of a vector embedding. Similarity searches require vector indexes. If an index doesn't exist, Cloud Firestore suggests an index to create using the gcloud CLI.

The following example finds 10 nearest neighbors of the query vector.

Python
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.base_vector_query import DistanceMeasure
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.vector import Vector

collection = db.collection("coffee-beans")

# Requires a single-field vector index
vector_query = collection.find_nearest(
    vector_field="embedding_field",
    query_vector=Vector([0.3416704, 0.18332680, 0.24160706]),
    distance_measure=DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
    limit=5,
)
vector_search.py
Node.js
import {
  Firestore,
  FieldValue,
  VectorQuery,
  VectorQuerySnapshot,
} from "@google-cloud/firestore";

// Requires a single-field vector index
const vectorQuery: VectorQuery = coll.findNearest({
  vectorField: 'embedding_field',
  queryVector: [3.0, 1.0, 2.0],
  limit: 10,
  distanceMeasure: 'EUCLIDEAN'
});

const vectorQuerySnapshot: VectorQuerySnapshot = await vectorQuery.get();
Go
import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/firestore"
)

func vectorSearchBasic(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	// Create client
	client, err := firestore.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("firestore.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	collection := client.Collection("coffee-beans")

	// Requires a vector index
	// https://firebase.google.com/docs/firestore/vector-search#create_and_manage_vector_indexes
	vectorQuery := collection.FindNearest("embedding_field",
		[]float32{3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
		5,
		// More info: https://firebase.google.com/docs/firestore/vector-search#vector_distances
		firestore.DistanceMeasureEuclidean,
		nil)

	docs, err := vectorQuery.Documents(ctx).GetAll()
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to get vector query results: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	for _, doc := range docs {
		fmt.Fprintln(w, doc.Data()["name"])
	}
	return nil
}

vector_search_basic.go
Java
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuery;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuerySnapshot;

VectorQuery vectorQuery = coll.findNearest(
        "embedding_field",
        new double[] {3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
        /* limit */ 10,
        VectorQuery.DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN);

ApiFuture<VectorQuerySnapshot> future = vectorQuery.get();
VectorQuerySnapshot vectorQuerySnapshot = future.get();

Vector distances

Nearest-neighbor queries support the following options for vector distance:

  • EUCLIDEAN: Measures the EUCLIDEAN distance between the vectors. To learn more, see Euclidean.
  • COSINE: Compares vectors based on the angle between them which lets you measure similarity that isn't based on the vectors magnitude. We recommend using DOT_PRODUCT with unit normalized vectors instead of COSINE distance, which is mathematically equivalent with better performance. To learn more see Cosine similarity to learn more.
  • DOT_PRODUCT: Similar to COSINE but is affected by the magnitude of the vectors. To learn more, see Dot product.

Choose the distance measure

Depending on whether or not all your vector embeddings are normalized, you can determine which distance measure to use to find the distance measure. A normalized vector embedding has a magnitude (length) of exactly 1.0.

In addition, if you know which distance measure your model was trained with, use that distance measure to compute the distance between your vector embeddings.

Normalized data

If you have a dataset where all vector embeddings are normalized, then all three distance measures provide the same semantic search results. In essence, although each distance measure returns a different value, those values sort the same way. When embeddings are normalized, DOT_PRODUCT is usually the most computationally efficient, but the difference is negligible in most cases. However, if your application is highly performance sensitive, DOT_PRODUCT might help with performance tuning.

Non-normalized data

If you have a dataset where vector embeddings aren't normalized, then it's not mathematically correct to use DOT_PRODUCT as a distance measure because dot product doesn't measure distance. Depending on how the embeddings were generated and what type of search is preferred, either the COSINE or EUCLIDEAN distance measure produces search results that are subjectively better than the other distance measures. Experimentation with either COSINE or EUCLIDEAN might be necessary to determine which is best for your use case.

Unsure if data is normalized or non-normalized

If you're unsure whether or not your data is normalized and you want to use DOT_PRODUCT, we recommend that you use COSINE instead. COSINE is like DOT_PRODUCT with normalization built in. Distance measured using COSINE ranges from 0 to 2. A result that is close to 0 indicates the vectors are very similar.

Pre-filter documents

To pre-filter documents before finding the nearest neighbors, you can combine a similarity search with other query operators. The and and or composite filters are supported. For more information about supported field filters, see Query operators.

Python
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.base_vector_query import DistanceMeasure
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.vector import Vector

collection = db.collection("coffee-beans")

# Similarity search with pre-filter
# Requires a composite vector index
vector_query = collection.where("color", "==", "red").find_nearest(
    vector_field="embedding_field",
    query_vector=Vector([0.3416704, 0.18332680, 0.24160706]),
    distance_measure=DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
    limit=5,
)
vector_search.py
Node.js
// Similarity search with pre-filter
// Requires composite vector index
const preFilteredVectorQuery: VectorQuery = coll
    .where("color", "==", "red")
    .findNearest({
      vectorField: "embedding_field",
      queryVector: [3.0, 1.0, 2.0],
      limit: 5,
      distanceMeasure: "EUCLIDEAN",
    });

const vectorQueryResults = await preFilteredVectorQuery.get();
Go
import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/firestore"
)

func vectorSearchPrefilter(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	// Create client
	client, err := firestore.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("firestore.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	collection := client.Collection("coffee-beans")

	// Similarity search with pre-filter
	// Requires a composite vector index
	vectorQuery := collection.Where("color", "==", "red").
		FindNearest("embedding_field",
			[]float32{3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
			5,
			// More info: https://firebase.google.com/docs/firestore/vector-search#vector_distances
			firestore.DistanceMeasureEuclidean,
			nil)

	docs, err := vectorQuery.Documents(ctx).GetAll()
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to get vector query results: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	for _, doc := range docs {
		fmt.Fprintln(w, doc.Data()["name"])
	}
	return nil
}

vector_search_prefilter.go
Java
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuery;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuerySnapshot;

VectorQuery preFilteredVectorQuery = coll
        .whereEqualTo("color", "red")
        .findNearest(
                "embedding_field",
                new double[] {3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
                /* limit */ 10,
                VectorQuery.DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN);

ApiFuture<VectorQuerySnapshot> future = preFilteredVectorQuery.get();
VectorQuerySnapshot vectorQuerySnapshot = future.get();

Retrieve the calculated vector distance

You can retrieve the calculated vector distance by assigning a distance_result_field output property name on the FindNearest query, as shown in the following example:

Python
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.base_vector_query import DistanceMeasure
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.vector import Vector

collection = db.collection("coffee-beans")

vector_query = collection.find_nearest(
    vector_field="embedding_field",
    query_vector=Vector([0.3416704, 0.18332680, 0.24160706]),
    distance_measure=DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
    limit=10,
    distance_result_field="vector_distance",
)

docs = vector_query.stream()

for doc in docs:
    print(f"{doc.id}, Distance: {doc.get('vector_distance')}")
vector_search.py
Node.js
const vectorQuery: VectorQuery = coll.findNearest(
    {
      vectorField: 'embedding_field',
      queryVector: [3.0, 1.0, 2.0],
      limit: 10,
      distanceMeasure: 'EUCLIDEAN',
      distanceResultField: 'vector_distance'
    });

const snapshot: VectorQuerySnapshot = await vectorQuery.get();

snapshot.forEach((doc) => {
  console.log(doc.id, ' Distance: ', doc.get('vector_distance'));
});
Go
import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/firestore"
)

func vectorSearchDistanceResultField(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := firestore.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("firestore.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	collection := client.Collection("coffee-beans")

	// Requires a vector index
	// https://firebase.google.com/docs/firestore/vector-search#create_and_manage_vector_indexes
	vectorQuery := collection.FindNearest("embedding_field",
		[]float32{3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
		10,
		firestore.DistanceMeasureEuclidean,
		&firestore.FindNearestOptions{
			DistanceResultField: "vector_distance",
		})

	docs, err := vectorQuery.Documents(ctx).GetAll()
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to get vector query results: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	for _, doc := range docs {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%v, Distance: %v\n", doc.Data()["name"], doc.Data()["vector_distance"])
	}
	return nil
}

vector_search_result_field.go
Java
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuery;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuerySnapshot;

VectorQuery vectorQuery = coll.findNearest(
        "embedding_field",
        new double[] {3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
        /* limit */ 10,
        VectorQuery.DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
        VectorQueryOptions.newBuilder().setDistanceResultField("vector_distance").build());

ApiFuture<VectorQuerySnapshot> future = vectorQuery.get();
VectorQuerySnapshot vectorQuerySnapshot = future.get();

for (DocumentSnapshot document : vectorQuerySnapshot.getDocuments()) {
    System.out.println(document.getId() + " Distance: " + document.get("vector_distance"));
}

If you want to use a field mask to return a subset of document fields along with a distanceResultField, then you must also include the value of distanceResultField in the field mask, as shown in the following example:

Python
vector_query = collection.select(["color", "vector_distance"]).find_nearest(
    vector_field="embedding_field",
    query_vector=Vector([0.3416704, 0.18332680, 0.24160706]),
    distance_measure=DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
    limit=10,
    distance_result_field="vector_distance",
)
vector_search.py
Node.js
const vectorQuery: VectorQuery = coll
    .select('name', 'description', 'vector_distance')
    .findNearest({
      vectorField: 'embedding_field',
      queryVector: [3.0, 1.0, 2.0],
      limit: 10,
      distanceMeasure: 'EUCLIDEAN',
      distanceResultField: 'vector_distance'
    });
Go
import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/firestore"
)

func vectorSearchDistanceResultFieldMasked(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := firestore.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("firestore.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	collection := client.Collection("coffee-beans")

	// Requires a vector index
	// https://firebase.google.com/docs/firestore/vector-search#create_and_manage_vector_indexes
	vectorQuery := collection.Select("color", "vector_distance").
		FindNearest("embedding_field",
			[]float32{3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
			10,
			firestore.DistanceMeasureEuclidean,
			&firestore.FindNearestOptions{
				DistanceResultField: "vector_distance",
			})

	docs, err := vectorQuery.Documents(ctx).GetAll()
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to get vector query results: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	for _, doc := range docs {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%v, Distance: %v\n", doc.Data()["color"], doc.Data()["vector_distance"])
	}
	return nil
}

vector_search_result_field_masked.go
Java
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuery;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuerySnapshot;

VectorQuery vectorQuery = coll
        .select("name", "description", "vector_distance")
        .findNearest(
          "embedding_field",
          new double[] {3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
          /* limit */ 10,
          VectorQuery.DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
          VectorQueryOptions.newBuilder()
            .setDistanceResultField("vector_distance")
            .build());

ApiFuture<VectorQuerySnapshot> future = vectorQuery.get();
VectorQuerySnapshot vectorQuerySnapshot = future.get();

for (DocumentSnapshot document : vectorQuerySnapshot.getDocuments()) {
    System.out.println(document.getId() + " Distance: " + document.get("vector_distance"));
}

Specify a distance threshold

You can specify a similarity threshold that returns only documents within the threshold. The behavior of the threshold field depends on the distance measure you choose:

  • EUCLIDEAN and COSINE distances limit the threshold to documents where distance is less than or equal to the specified threshold. These distance measures decrease as the vectors become more similar.
  • DOT_PRODUCT distance limits the threshold to documents where distance is greater than or equal to the specified threshold. Dot product distances increase as the vectors become more similar.

The following example shows how to specify a distance threshold to return up to 10 nearest documents that are, at most, 4.5 units away using the EUCLIDEAN distance metric:

Python
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.base_vector_query import DistanceMeasure
from google.cloud.firestore_v1.vector import Vector

collection = db.collection("coffee-beans")

vector_query = collection.find_nearest(
    vector_field="embedding_field",
    query_vector=Vector([0.3416704, 0.18332680, 0.24160706]),
    distance_measure=DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
    limit=10,
    distance_threshold=4.5,
)

docs = vector_query.stream()

for doc in docs:
    print(f"{doc.id}")
vector_search.py
Node.js
const vectorQuery: VectorQuery = coll.findNearest({
  vectorField: 'embedding_field',
  queryVector: [3.0, 1.0, 2.0],
  limit: 10,
  distanceMeasure: 'EUCLIDEAN',
  distanceThreshold: 4.5
});

const snapshot: VectorQuerySnapshot = await vectorQuery.get();

snapshot.forEach((doc) => {
  console.log(doc.id);
});
Go
import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/firestore"
)

func vectorSearchDistanceThreshold(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := firestore.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("firestore.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	collection := client.Collection("coffee-beans")

	// Requires a vector index
	// https://firebase.google.com/docs/firestore/vector-search#create_and_manage_vector_indexes
	vectorQuery := collection.FindNearest("embedding_field",
		[]float32{3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
		10,
		firestore.DistanceMeasureEuclidean,
		&firestore.FindNearestOptions{
			DistanceThreshold: firestore.Ptr[float64](4.5),
		})

	docs, err := vectorQuery.Documents(ctx).GetAll()
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to get vector query results: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	for _, doc := range docs {
		fmt.Fprintln(w, doc.Data()["name"])
	}
	return nil
}

vector_search_distance_threshold.go
Java
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuery;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.firestore.VectorQuerySnapshot;

VectorQuery vectorQuery = coll.findNearest(
        "embedding_field",
        new double[] {3.0, 1.0, 2.0},
        /* limit */ 10,
        VectorQuery.DistanceMeasure.EUCLIDEAN,
        VectorQueryOptions.newBuilder()
          .setDistanceThreshold(4.5)
          .build());

ApiFuture<VectorQuerySnapshot> future = vectorQuery.get();
VectorQuerySnapshot vectorQuerySnapshot = future.get();

for (DocumentSnapshot document : vectorQuerySnapshot.getDocuments()) {
    System.out.println(document.getId());
}

Limitations

As you work with vector embeddings, note the following limitations:

  • The maximum supported embedding dimension is 2048. To store larger indexes, use dimensionality reduction.
  • The maximum number of documents to return from a nearest-neighbor query is 1000.
  • Vector search does not support real-time snapshot listeners.
  • Only the Python, Node.js, Go, and Java client libraries support vector search.

What's next