Cloud Firestore Data model

Cloud Firestore is a NoSQL, document-oriented database. Unlike a SQL database, there are no tables or rows. Instead, you store data in documents, which are organized into collections.

Each document contains a set of key-value pairs. Cloud Firestore is optimized for storing large collections of small documents.

All documents must be stored in collections. Documents can contain subcollections and nested objects, both of which can include primitive fields like strings or complex objects like lists.

Collections and documents are created implicitly in Cloud Firestore. Simply assign data to a document within a collection. If either the collection or document does not exist, Cloud Firestore creates it.

Documents

In Cloud Firestore, the unit of storage is the document. A document is a lightweight record that contains fields, which map to values. Each document is identified by a name.

A document representing a user alovelace might look like this:

class alovelace

first : "Ada"
last : "Lovelace"
born : 1815

Complex, nested objects in a document are called maps. For example, you could structure the user's name from the example above with a map, like this:

class alovelace

name :
first : "Ada"
last : "Lovelace"
born : 1815

You may notice that documents look a lot like JSON. In fact, they basically are. There are some differences (for example, documents support extra data types and are limited in size to 1 MB), but in general, you can treat documents as lightweight JSON records.

Collections

Documents live in collections, which are simply containers for documents. For example, you could have a users collection to contain your various users, each represented by a document:

collections_bookmark users
- class alovelace
  
  first : "Ada"
  last : "Lovelace"
  born : 1815
- class aturing
  
  first : "Alan"
  last : "Turing"
  born : 1912

Cloud Firestore is schemaless, so you have complete freedom over what fields you put in each document and what data types you store in those fields. Documents within the same collection can all contain different fields or store different types of data in those fields. However, it's a good idea to use the same fields and data types across multiple documents, so that you can query the documents more easily.

A collection contains documents and nothing else. It can't directly contain raw fields with values, and it can't contain other collections. (See Hierarchical Data for an explanation of how to structure more complex data in Cloud Firestore.)

The names of documents within a collection are unique. You can provide your own keys, such as user IDs, or you can let Cloud Firestore create random IDs for you automatically.

You do not need to "create" or "delete" collections. After you create the first document in a collection, the collection exists. If you delete all of the documents in a collection, it no longer exists.

References

Every document in Cloud Firestore is uniquely identified by its location within the database. The previous example showed a document alovelace within the collection users. To refer to this location in your code, you can create a reference to it.

Web

var alovelaceDocumentRef = db.collection('users').doc('alovelace');test.firestore.js

Swift

let alovelaceDocumentRef = db.collection("users").document("alovelace")ViewController.swift

Objective-C

FIRDocumentReference *alovelaceDocumentRef =
    [[self.db collectionWithPath:@"users"] documentWithPath:@"alovelace"];ViewController.m

Java

DocumentReference alovelaceDocumentRef = db.collection("users").document("alovelace");DocSnippets.java

Kotlin

val alovelaceDocumentRef = db.collection("users").document("alovelace")DocSnippets.kt

Java

// Reference to a document with id "alovelace" in the collection "users"
DocumentReference document = db.collection("users").document("alovelace");References.java

Python

a_lovelace_ref = db.collection(u'users').document(u'alovelace')snippets.py

Node.js

let alovelaceDocumentRef = db.collection('users').doc('alovelace');index.js

Go

alovelaceRef := client.Collection("users").Doc("alovelace")retrieve.go

PHP

$document = $db->collection('users')->document('lovelace');document_ref.php

C#

DocumentReference documentRef = db.Collection("users").Document("alovelace");Program.cs

Ruby

document_ref = firestore.col("users").doc("alovelace")data_model.rb

A reference is a lightweight object that just points to a location in your database. You can create a reference whether or not data exists there, and creating a reference does not perform any network operations.

You can also create references to collections:

Web

var usersCollectionRef = db.collection('users');test.firestore.js

Swift

let usersCollectionRef = db.collection("users")ViewController.swift

Objective-C

FIRCollectionReference *usersCollectionRef = [self.db collectionWithPath:@"users"];ViewController.m

Java

CollectionReference usersCollectionRef = db.collection("users");DocSnippets.java

Kotlin

val usersCollectionRef = db.collection("users")DocSnippets.kt

Java

// Reference to the collection "users"
CollectionReference collection = db.collection("users");References.java

Python

users_ref = db.collection(u'users')snippets.py

Node.js

let usersCollectionRef = db.collection('users');index.js

Go

usersRef := client.Collection("users")retrieve.go

PHP

$collection = $db->collection('users');collection_ref.php

C#

CollectionReference collectionRef = db.Collection("users");Program.cs

Ruby

collection_ref = firestore.col "users"data_model.rb

For convenience, you can also create references by specifying the path to a document or collection as a string, with path components separated by a forward slash (/). For example, to create a reference to the alovelace document:

Web

var alovelaceDocumentRef = db.doc('users/alovelace');test.firestore.js

Swift

let aLovelaceDocumentReference = db.document("users/alovelace")ViewController.swift

Objective-C

FIRDocumentReference *aLovelaceDocumentReference =
    [self.db documentWithPath:@"users/alovelace"];ViewController.m

Java

DocumentReference alovelaceDocumentRef = db.document("users/alovelace");DocSnippets.java

Kotlin

val alovelaceDocumentRef = db.document("users/alovelace")DocSnippets.kt

Java

// Reference to a document with id "alovelace" in the collection "users"
DocumentReference document = db.document("users/alovelace");References.java

Python

a_lovelace_ref = db.document(u'users/alovelace')snippets.py

Node.js

let alovelaceDocumentRef = db.doc('users/alovelace');index.js

Go

alovelaceRef := client.Doc("users/alovelace")retrieve.go

PHP

$document = $db->document('users/lovelace');document_path_ref.php

C#

DocumentReference documentRef = db.Document("users/alovelace");Program.cs

Ruby

document_path_ref = firestore.doc "users/alovelace"data_model.rb

Hierarchical Data

To understand how hierarchical data structures work in Cloud Firestore, consider an example chat app with messages and chat rooms.

You can create a collection called rooms to store different chat rooms:

collections_bookmark rooms
- class roomA
  
  name : "my chat room"
- class roomB
  
  ...

Now that you have chat rooms, decide how to store your messages. You might not want to store them in the chat room's document. Documents in Cloud Firestore should be lightweight, and a chat room could contain a large number of messages. However, you can create additional collections within your chat room's document, as subcollections.

Subcollections

The best way to store messages in this scenario is by using subcollections. A subcollection is a collection associated with a specific document.

You can create a subcollection called messages for every room document in your rooms collection:

collections_bookmark rooms
- class roomA
  
  name : "my chat room"
  - collections_bookmark messages
    - class message1
      
      from : "alex"
      msg : "Hello World!"
    - class message2
      
      ...
- class roomB
  
  ...

In this example, you would create a reference to a message in the subcollection with the following code:

Web

var messageRef = db.collection('rooms').doc('roomA')
                .collection('messages').doc('message1');test.firestore.js

Swift

let messageRef = db
    .collection("rooms").document("roomA")
    .collection("messages").document("message1")ViewController.swift

Objective-C

FIRDocumentReference *messageRef =
    [[[[self.db collectionWithPath:@"rooms"] documentWithPath:@"roomA"]
    collectionWithPath:@"messages"] documentWithPath:@"message1"];ViewController.m

Java

DocumentReference messageRef = db
        .collection("rooms").document("roomA")
        .collection("messages").document("message1");DocSnippets.java

Kotlin

val messageRef = db
        .collection("rooms").document("roomA")
        .collection("messages").document("message1")DocSnippets.kt

Java

// Reference to a document in subcollection "messages"
DocumentReference document =
    db.collection("rooms").document("roomA").collection("messages").document("message1");References.java

Python

room_a_ref = db.collection(u'rooms').document(u'roomA')
message_ref = room_a_ref.collection(u'messages').document(u'message1')snippets.py

Node.js

let messageRef = db.collection('rooms').doc('roomA')
  .collection('messages').doc('message1');index.js

Go

messageRef := client.Collection("rooms").Doc("roomA").
	Collection("messages").Doc("message1")retrieve.go

PHP

$document = $db
    ->collection('rooms')
    ->document('roomA')
    ->collection('messages')
    ->document('message1');subcollection_ref.php

C#

DocumentReference documentRef = db
    .Collection("Rooms").Document("RoomA")
    .Collection("Messages").Document("Message1");Program.cs

Ruby

message_ref = firestore.col("rooms").doc("roomA").col("messages").doc("message1")data_model.rb

Notice the alternating pattern of collections and documents. Your collections and documents must always follow this pattern. You cannot reference a collection in a collection or a document in a document.

Subcollections allow you to structure data hierarchically, making data easier to access. To get all messages in roomA, you can create a collection reference to the subcollection messages and interact with it like you would any other collection reference.

Documents in subcollections can contain subcollections as well, allowing you to further nest data. You can nest data up to 100 levels deep.